France's National Assembly on Tuesday approved a wide-ranging climate change bill intended by President Emmanuel Macron to reinforce his green credentials one year ahead of presidential and legislative elections, reports FRANCE 24.
After more than 200 hours of debate in parliamentary commissions and the lower house, lawmakers approved the bill by a 332-77 margin.
The draft legislation was approved in a first reading by the lower house of parliament, where Macron has a working majority, but it has been heavily criticised by environmental groups. The bill now passes to the Senate before a final vote in the lower house.
Campaigners see it as too timid given the pace of climate change globally and accuse the French leader of half-hearted commitment to a cause he has admitted to embracing belatedly.
France's environment minister, Barbara Pompili, has defended the text, saying it "will affect the daily life of all of our citizens" and is "one of the biggest laws of the [president's] term".
Measures include bans on domestic flights under two and half hours that can be done by train, restrictions on renting badly insulated properties, or the creation of a new "ecocide" crime to punish polluters.
The overall aim is to put in place measures that will enable France to meet its target of reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 40 percent compared with 1990 levels by a deadline of 2030.
Lobby groups such as Greenpeace have called it a "lost opportunity of Macron's term", while even the president's own environmental advisory council said it would "have a potentially limited impact".
It is also less ambitious than new targets for 55 percent cuts agreed at the EU level and falls short of a German plan which was rejected last week by the country's constitutional court as "insufficient".
Climate change and protection of the environment are likely to be bigger themes in next year's presidential election than the last one in 2017, which Macron won while barely campaigning on the issue.
The main Green party in France made major gains in cities such as Strasbourg, Bordeaux and Lyon in local elections last year, mirroring a Europe-wide trend in favour of environmental groups.